To study the influence of atmospheric space environment on satellite communications, the weather conditions were divided into clear sky, cloudy and foggy weather, rainy and snowy weather. The satellite channel propagation characteristics were researched under different weather conditions. The Rice model, C.Loo model and Suzuki model were established respectively. The three-state Markov process was introduced into the satellite channel model, which could describe the transformation of the channel states caused by the weather change. The statistical characteristics of the satellite channel three-state Markov model were analyzed. Finally, the satellite channel three-state Markov model was designed and simulated based on the sum of sinusoid method and the measured data of meteorological satellite cloud image. The simulation results show that the proposed model can be used in the simulation of actual satellite channel propagation characteristics.